Parkinson’s disease (PD) is still mainly treated with symptomatic therapies, while effective disease-modifying interventions remain limited. Although emerging therapeutics such as biologics, nucleic acid drugs, neurotrophic factors, and gene-based approaches offer new opportunities, their clinical translation is often restricted by inadequate brain delivery. Nanomedicine has therefore attracted increasing interest because it can improve drug stability, protect fragile cargos, enable controlled release, and support multifunctional therapeutic design. Nevertheless, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) remains the principal obstacle to effective brain-targeted therapy in PD. This review discusses nanomedicine-based delivery strategies for PD from the perspective of BBB navigation and classifies them into two major categories: strategies that cross the BBB and strategies that bypass it. BBB-crossing approaches include carrier-mediated transport, receptor-mediated transport, adsorptive and biomimetic transcytosis, and physically assisted methods such as focused ultrasound and photothermal modulation. BBB-bypassing approaches include intranasal delivery, meningeal lymphatic-associated pathways, skull–meninges-related microchannel routes, and local intracranial administration such as convection-enhanced delivery. We summarize their mechanisms, representative applications, advantages, and limitations, and compare them in terms of cargo suitability, delivery precision, repeatability, safety, and translational feasibility. Overall, nanomedicine provides important opportunities to expand the therapeutic potential of both conventional drugs and emerging biologics for PD. Future progress will depend on developing cargo-matched and clinically realistic delivery systems that balance brain access, therapeutic efficacy, safety, and manufacturability.

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, often progressing to heart failure due to inadequate tissue repair and adverse remodeling. Conventional therapeutic strategies, including pharmacological interventions and surgical procedures, exhibit limited efficacy in restoring cardiac function, highlighting the urgent need for innovative approaches. Hydrogel microneedles (MNs) have recently emerged as a groundbreaking technology for MI treatment, combining the advantages of minimally invasive delivery, targeted therapy, and multifunctional integration. Furthermore, the integration of therapeutic agents into hydrogel MNs enable sequentially controlled release within the infarcted myocardium, addressing key pathological processes such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. Additionally, the incorporation of conductive components into hydrogel MNs facilitate the restoration of electrical signal propagation, promoting synchronized cardiomyocyte contraction and mitigating arrhythmic. This article briefly surveys the latest advancements in hydrogel MN for cardiac repair. Key issues and challenges, as well as recommendations for future research, are also discussed.

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies offer unprecedented opportunities for accurate diagnosis, personalized treatment, and improved patient care. However, as AI takes center stage in healthcare, it brings with it a host of ethical implications that demand our careful consideration. In the ever-evolving landscape of healthcare, the integration of AI has introduced transformative changes, offering unprecedented opportunities for accurate diagnosis, personalized treatment, and improved patient care. However, alongside these advancements come significant ethical concerns that demand careful scrutiny. This article explores the ethical dilemmas arising from AI’s increasing role in healthcare, focusing on key challenges such as patient data privacy and security, algorithmic bias, transparency and accountability, and the evolving balance between human and machine decision-making. To provide a comprehensive analysis, we structure our discussion into distinct sections. First, we highlight the benefits of AI in healthcare, emphasizing its role in diagnostics, treatment planning, and resource optimization. We then examine ethical challenges through real-world case studies, showcasing instances where AI has both excelled and encountered ethical pitfalls. Building on this foundation, we investigate the broader societal implications, including AI’s impact on patient trust and the necessity of robust policies and regulations. Finally, we issue a call for responsible AI development, presenting actionable recommendations and guidelines to ensure that AI-driven healthcare aligns with ethical standards and patient-centered values. This article invites researchers, policymakers, and healthcare professionals to engage in the ongoing discourse on the ethical integration of AI, advocating for a future where technology enhances healthcare while upholding the highest ethical principles. AI technologies revolutionize diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. However, their integration presents ethical challenges requiring careful scrutiny.