Parkinson’s disease (PD) is still mainly treated with symptomatic therapies, while effective disease-modifying interventions remain limited. Although emerging therapeutics such as biologics, nucleic acid drugs, neurotrophic factors, and gene-based approaches offer new opportunities, their clinical translation is often restricted by inadequate brain delivery. Nanomedicine has therefore attracted increasing interest because it can improve drug stability, protect fragile cargos, enable controlled release, and support multifunctional therapeutic design. Nevertheless, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) remains the principal obstacle to effective brain-targeted therapy in PD. This review discusses nanomedicine-based delivery strategies for PD from the perspective of BBB navigation and classifies them into two major categories: strategies that cross the BBB and strategies that bypass it. BBB-crossing approaches include carrier-mediated transport, receptor-mediated transport, adsorptive and biomimetic transcytosis, and physically assisted methods such as focused ultrasound and photothermal modulation. BBB-bypassing approaches include intranasal delivery, meningeal lymphatic-associated pathways, skull–meninges-related microchannel routes, and local intracranial administration such as convection-enhanced delivery. We summarize their mechanisms, representative applications, advantages, and limitations, and compare them in terms of cargo suitability, delivery precision, repeatability, safety, and translational feasibility. Overall, nanomedicine provides important opportunities to expand the therapeutic potential of both conventional drugs and emerging biologics for PD. Future progress will depend on developing cargo-matched and clinically realistic delivery systems that balance brain access, therapeutic efficacy, safety, and manufacturability.

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies offer unprecedented opportunities for accurate diagnosis, personalized treatment, and improved patient care. However, as AI takes center stage in healthcare, it brings with it a host of ethical implications that demand our careful consideration. In the ever-evolving landscape of healthcare, the integration of AI has introduced transformative changes, offering unprecedented opportunities for accurate diagnosis, personalized treatment, and improved patient care. However, alongside these advancements come significant ethical concerns that demand careful scrutiny. This article explores the ethical dilemmas arising from AI’s increasing role in healthcare, focusing on key challenges such as patient data privacy and security, algorithmic bias, transparency and accountability, and the evolving balance between human and machine decision-making. To provide a comprehensive analysis, we structure our discussion into distinct sections. First, we highlight the benefits of AI in healthcare, emphasizing its role in diagnostics, treatment planning, and resource optimization. We then examine ethical challenges through real-world case studies, showcasing instances where AI has both excelled and encountered ethical pitfalls. Building on this foundation, we investigate the broader societal implications, including AI’s impact on patient trust and the necessity of robust policies and regulations. Finally, we issue a call for responsible AI development, presenting actionable recommendations and guidelines to ensure that AI-driven healthcare aligns with ethical standards and patient-centered values. This article invites researchers, policymakers, and healthcare professionals to engage in the ongoing discourse on the ethical integration of AI, advocating for a future where technology enhances healthcare while upholding the highest ethical principles. AI technologies revolutionize diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. However, their integration presents ethical challenges requiring careful scrutiny.

This study presents the first bibliometric analysis of metal-organic frameworks (MOF) in orthopedics, highlighting key research trends and investigative focuses. An exhaustive review of 219 records from the Web of Science core collection database provided insights into the development and potential uses of MOF in orthopedic interventions and bone tissue engineering. Known for their unique architecture, large surface areas, and adjustable porosity, MOF have shown promise in a variety of biomedical applications, including drug delivery, bone restoration, and as components in orthopedic implants. This investigation identifies prominent MOF series and summarizes their main functions in orthopedic settings. In vivo studies have confirmed the versatility and effectiveness of MOF in promoting bone regeneration, combating infections, targeting bone tumors, and reducing osteoporosis. However, challenges persist in translating MOF research into clinical orthopedic applications, particularly in ensuring biocompatibility and stability in the human body and uniformity of MOF composites. Future directions include expanding MOF applications through global collaboration and interdisciplinary efforts to accelerate their integration into clinical orthopedics. This research emphasizes the substantial potential of MOF to transform orthopedic treatments, advocating for further investigation and collaboration to fully exploit their clinical capabilities.